Research programmes

Energy security and weaponised interdependence

How the networks that carry energy also carry coercive power, and why diversification reconfigures exposure more often than it removes it.

Covers the EU's post-2022 restructuring, long-term contracting as a form of lock-in, and the gap between changing supplier and changing system.

Chokepoints and corridors

Maritime straits, overland pipelines and rail corridors treated as one problem rather than as alternatives to each other.

Hormuz, Bab al-Mandab, the Turkish straits and the Middle Corridor. The recurring finding is that separate geography does not mean separate risk.

The South Caucasus and the Caspian

Regional order after 2020, and the position of small states that supply energy to powers far larger than themselves.

Azerbaijan's transit role, Turkmen gas westward, and the difference between being a supplier and holding leverage.

Critical infrastructure under hybrid pressure

Subsea cables, pipelines, grids and the legal architecture that was not designed for attacks below the threshold of war.

Includes the jurisdictional gaps that appear when infrastructure crosses borders and the attacker does not.